Impact of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine on reducing SARS-CoV-2 complications in children: a literature review

Authors

  • Gustavo Iltemberg Sousa Silva Universidad Central del Paraguay

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24859/SaberDigital.2025v18n2.1618

Keywords:

COVID-19, Immunological Factors, SARS-CoV-2, BCG Vaccine

Abstract

Introduction: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is widely used to prevent severe forms of tuberculosis. Recently, studies have investigated its potential protective effect against other infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID19, due to its ability to stimulate the innate immune system. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the BCG vaccine on reducing the severity of complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, based on studies and data available in the existing scientific literature, to test its possible efficacy and immunological mechanisms involved. Method: A systematic review of the literature was carried out using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Studies that evaluated the relationship between BCG vaccination and the incidence, severity and mortality of COVID-19 in children were included. Studies were selected based on relevance, methodological quality and data presented. The inclusion criteria covered articles published between 2020 and 2023, in English and Portuguese. Results and Discussion: The studies reviewed indicate that BCG vaccination may be associated with a lower incidence of severe cases of COVID-19 and a reduction in mortality. BCG appears to increase the activity of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which are crucial in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the vaccine can induce a heterologous effect, preparing the immune system to respond more effectively to different pathogens. The BCG vaccine may have an immunomodulatory effect, increasing the innate and adaptive immune response. Some observational studies suggest a lower incidence of severe cases of COVID-19 in BCG-vaccinated populations. However, results are varied and many studies point to the need for more research to confirm these findings. Conclusion: Although there is preliminary evidence that the BCG vaccine can reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 complications in children, current data are not conclusive. Additional studies, including controlled clinical trials, are needed to determine the efficacy and mechanisms underlying this possible protection.

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References

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Published

2025-05-20

How to Cite

Iltemberg Sousa Silva, G. (2025). Impact of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine on reducing SARS-CoV-2 complications in children: a literature review. Revista Saber Digital, 18(2), e20251808. https://doi.org/10.24859/SaberDigital.2025v18n2.1618

Issue

Section

Medicine